The global SW market is worth $800.bn ($ 1 bn = Rs. 4200 cr), so that India’s share of the pie is a minuscule one part in 300. SW exports comprise about 8% of total Indian exports. It is a measure of India’s tottering economy that though small as percentage, the SW earnings come as manna from heaven for the beleaguered budget-markers.
On the domestic front, the SW effect is discernible in two sectors: motorbike and soft-porn. There has been a spurt in the sale of motorbikes, the entry-level savari of the young, ambitious software professionals (that is, the yaspies). This spurt is in sharp contrast to the decline in the sale of scooters, the life-long vehicle of the lower middle class. While the craze for motorbikes is merely a rearrangement within the two-wheeler segment, soft-porn is a new vista. Moneyed but overworked, and away from the loving but intrusive eyes of the family, the yaspies seem to be enthusiastic patrons of soft-porn magazines and the colour supplements of newspapers.
Catchphrase
Information technology (IT) is a beautiful catchphrase. Like all good catchphrases, it has the ability to seduce the audience into a mindset of uncriticality. The term technology implies something new or better. The IT India is engaged in is not information technology in the real sense of the term but information tinkering. If IT is equated with designing a new bicycle, India’s assignment is no more than fixing tyre punctures.
Big IT companies like Infosys and Satyam have notched up remarkable growth of 100-150% in gross sales and profits over last year. But this growth has been `almost entirely fuelled by software exports linked to the Y2K [year 2000] syndrome’. When the first generation of computers came up, their memory was extremely small. To save on space, the four digit Gregorian year was abbreviated to the last two digits. Now when the first two digits themselves are going to change, the year must be spelt out in full in all the extant computer programs. It is this glorious donkey work that India has been gainfully employed in.
By definition, the Y2K bonanza would end before the year 2000. India now hope to turn Europe-wards for lucrative, though more complicated, programming work related to Euro currency conversion. The Indian SW work remains uninspiring and unintellectual. To paraphrase C.V. Raman, recognition (and now money) comes when a proper name becomes an adjective. In Indian SW, no brand names are being built; no value is being added. The profitability of India’s SW work does not arise from any intrinsic worth; it comes from the wage differential.
Brain-sink
If we divide Bangalore’s export earning of Rs. 3500 cr by the 80,000 computerists it is said to employ, we notice that the west is paying $ 10,000 per Indian professional. In the USA, even a less qualified person would cost at least five times higher. The big Indian SW companies complain how the professionals they send abroad are often lapped up by the companies there. This brings to mind the mohalla warfare of yesteryears when the domestic help (comprising mundus and ma’is) was enticed away from one household into another.
In their selfrighteous indignation over brain-drain, the software companies forget that they themselves are acting like a vast national brain-sink. Salaries in the SW market are high; even a fractional dollar salary translates into a tidy rupee packet. And then there is the added attraction of visits and possible employment abroad. The high social value of a programming job more than makes up for its low intellectual worth.
The lucrative but simplistic computer programming contracts that India has been soliciting and executing have trivialized the whole education system. Although there is a mad rush for admission into engineering colleges, the craze for an engineering degree does not mean craze for engineering. Right from the IITs down to institutions run in bicycle sheds, Indian engineering colleges show a wide range in quality. But they all have one thing in common. None of their students wants to work on a shop floor. Everybody wants a ride on the software gravy train.
Recently a student seeking admission into an IIT was matter-of-factly told at the time of counseling not to fuss about the branch he got. In any case he was going to do software. At least a few years ago, IIT Kanpur was planning to close down the aerodynamical engineering. Not because its products were not needed. But because out of the 50 graduates produced, half went abroad, and the remaining went into management/SW. While in the case of the better-quality institutions, the rigorous training is going waste, in the lesser institutions the training itself is being downgraded by the market pulls.
Thanks to the lure of SW, whatever little basic science is offered within engineering colleges is being neglected. There are not takers for the bachelor programmes in basic sciences. For the benefit of students not going to engineering colleges, the degree colleges have started offering courses in computer skills in place of teaching fundamental concepts. We, of our free will, are becoming a nation of techno-baboos. (The old-fashioned spellings are deliberately used to bring to mind the early days of English education in India.)
The techno-baboos now have a new opening, that is, providing remote back-office services to the west. Western airlines, finance companies, hospitals etc. are setting up offices in India or hiring Indian-based firms to do routine type of semi-manual work. At present, some 25,000 persons are employed in remote services, although the number is expected to go up drastically in coming years. Indian `data-workers are not rootless part-timers, as their American equivalents may be’. Most of those employed in India would be deemed overqualified in the west’.
The colonial science that the British took up in India and in which the natives were employed in a peripheral role was not laboratory science but field science (geography, geology, botany, and even astronomy) it was latitude driven. More than a century later, the natives are once again being employed by the west. This time their activity is longitude-driven. The working day for the west now lasts a full 24h, with one difference. The remote office work is got done not by paying overtime, but by one-third the wages.
There are a number of economists and other experts who extol the role of service sector in building up a country’s GDP. (Does the burden of the fifth pay commission add to India’s GDP?) What is off putting about their analyses is that all the time they are comparing India with Singapore or Hong Kong. India is a country much bigger than either, and far more complex. Also, it is a participative democracy. Its GDP should not only be large but also broad-based. It should cover a vast fraction of the population. This can be achieved only by making the economy knowledge-based.
A handful of people turning in a quick dollar or euro cannot take the economy much further. Bangalore’s status as a technopolis does not seem to have done much good to Karnataka as a whole. Perhaps Hyderabad would soon realize this.
For about a century preceding the 1757 battle of Plassey, the British merchants made a lot of money from trade in India. This money went into industrialization of England. The Indian associates of the British merchants also made a lot of money. But this money went into buying zamindaris and urban properties, and thus became a dead end. In a similar fashion, the SW export earnings are not going into anything progressive; they are simply being frittered away.
India has raised large chunks of loans domestically and internationally. The only way to pay back these loans is to produce wealth vigorously and quickly. The only way to produce wealth is to employ qualified technical people in the task. If these people are placed at the disposal of the industrialized countries at rock-bottom rates in extraneous jobs, who and what would give India strength? It needs to be better known that as far as the unspecified `non-software electronic exports’ are concerned, there was an actual decline of more than 8% in 1997-98 from the previous year, even though the SW exports went up 50%.
There cannot be any objection to India’s providing competitive, soiled-collar services to the rest of the world. The trend in fact needs to be encouraged. Globalization, however, does not mean perpetual sunshine in the west and perpetual sunset in India. Globalization means that similarly qualified people anywhere in the world should be more or less similarly employed. Let India’s well-regarded manpower take up jobs consistent with its intellect and training. Let the service sector in India flourish on discounted payments but let it not such in India’s trained scientific and technical manpower.
(An earlier version was presented at the UGC-sponsored Seminar on Disturbing Trends in Science Education, Bangalore, 18 February 1999).
